Theme Of Women In Different Artistic Periods Essay Example for Free

Theme Of Women In Different Artistic Periods Essaybaroqueness, fancy, neoclassic, and quixotic argon all cunningistic movements of centuries past. It is through the trickistic movements that sensation can capture a glimpse of society and the way life was lived during that time. Thoughts and feelings are exposed as healthful as facts are captured by the artist. It is as if time stands hush up and maven can experience the past with these works of art.This is especially true when a theme or subject is used in art from different time periods. One can see how the view of the subject has changed or stayed the same. One theme that has evolved everyplace time is the subject of women. Their complexities, mysteries, and roles in society have been studied throughout the ages. That is why they have been a favorite point of interest for artist. If an artist can capture the essence of a woman, then he/she can capture life. The baroqueness Period was the earliest of these artistic m ovements. It came after the European Renaissance and spanned the whole seventeenth century. Although some features reckon in Dutch art, the Baroque style was limited mainly to Catholic countries. It is a style in which botherters, sculptors, and architects sought emotion, movement, and variety in their works.1 Baroque art was basically an answer to the Catholic Reformation. The objective of the church was to communicate the emotions of the biblical stories in art. The church desired that the patrons who were illiterate to be able to view the art and understand the story and feel the emotions that they could non comprehend because of their lack of reading. The wealthy patrons had a different purpose for the art they commissioned and this was to impress others._____________________Artlex. Baroque. 2008 http//www.artlex.comThe focus of the word pictures were to be dramatic and to tell a story that would appeal to the senses. The realism in the art of this period was incredible. The subjects were multidimensional as well as the textures accurate. An excellent prototype of art from the Baroque Period is Young Girl Writing a fill in garner by the Italian painter Pietro Rotari. The painting was completed in seventeen fifty-five so it was done in the middle of the period which would represent the peak of the artistic movement. Young Girl Writing a distinguish Letter is not a painting with a religious theme, but Rotari did paint many that were. Instead, he chose a young woman for his subject.Even though the theme is different than most Baroque art, the young woman has a dreamy, almost angelic quality and expression on her face. There is a righteousness about her that reminds one of the Virgin Mary. She is resting her head on her hand while she gazes off into the distance while contemplating just the right words to write to her lover. However, one can tell from her innocent face that even though she is in love, she her motives are pure. The treatment of women a s a theme in art during the Baroque Period truly reflects the religious focus during that time. Rotaris style is typical of the Baroque Period. His painting of Young Girl Writing a Love Letter is realistic. The young womans hair is painted so that it gives the appearance of her hair having strands with a few wisp of stray hairs that have fallen out of her neatly pulled back hairstyle. The silk fabric of her deck out is realistically shown through the use of lights and darks. Even the wood of the desk is painted using perspectives so that it has a three dimensional look. Rococo was the eighteenth centurys answer to the Baroque movement. As Baroque concentrated on religious figures and themes, the artist of the Rococo Period focused on the wealthy aristocracy. The ornamental, graceful curves, delicate colors, and anything of elegance were the markings of the period. The aristocracy wanted to be the focus of the art instead of heroes from history and the Bible. The movement originated in France during the reign of Louis XV. The architecture and furnishings of the day were also representative the movement. One of the foremost painters during the Rococo Period was Jean Marc Nattier. He was a French painter who, at fifteen, painted for dent the Great, but he was a member of King Louis XVs court and mainly painted for him. Many of his paintings are still in France and still displayed at the Louvre.Mythological portraiture allowed Nattier to synthesize his desire to be a history painter with the financial necessity of making a living, for portraits were in demand. aft(prenominal) the 1740s, as tastes began to change, Nattier created more(prenominal) straightforward representations. Financial problems and illness finally caused him to stop painting in 1762. (Getty Museum)An excellent example of Jean Marc Nattiers work is the painting Portrait of a Young Woman Painter. The young woman is obviously an aristocrat because is adorned in a lavish yet delicate dress with a carefree look on her face as she gazes out at the painting. She has a face that is fragile as though it has never seen the sun, grievous work, or bad and troublesome thoughts.Her hand is rested on her head in a ladylike pose while her smile is faint. She holds her palette as if she is not serious about painting. In fact, she looks as like there is nothing that really interest her. She is graceful and her curves are sensual as the circulate neckline of her dress. The background is muted as are the colors of the portrait. It is not bright and vivid as the paintings of the Baroque Period.The artist deals with the subject of a young woman as mystical. She does notstandout in any way because of the muted shades, but simply fades into the background. Her palette that should have vibrant colors on them, but they are varying shades of the background. This symbolizes that a woman considering an occupation is just a frivolous idea that is fleeting. Instead of angelic as women were portra yed in the Baroque Period, the woman depicted in the Rococo movement is seen more as a status symbol. It is as if she only when exist to prove that the man in her life can afford her. She would be his proof that by pampering her, he has the means to sustain his social position. Following the Rococo Period was the Neoclassical movement which focused on the classical forms of the ancient Greek and Roman works of art.Neo-classicism was a style that emerged in Britain and France in the 1750s. Artists and architects sought to create an incessantly valid true style that could be expressed across all areas of the visual arts. The style was based on the designs of Classical Greece and Rome. A major beginning of inspiration came from archaeological discoveries such as those made at Herculaneum and Pompeii which brought the ancient world to life. (Learn About Style)Patriotism, heroism, courage, and sacrifice were elements of the Neoclassical Period. This movement stated in the seventeen fi fties, and lasted well into the eighteen hundreds. Marie-Louise Lebrun, also known as lisabeth-Louise Vige-Le Brun, was a famous portrait artist during the Neoclassic Period. Her paintings were simple and pure as was popular during the period. Her well known painting, Portrait of Theresa, Countess Kinsky is typical of the Neoclassical design. There is a landscape that is faded into the background so that the focus is on the Countess.Her head is wrapped in a long flowing cloth that is reminiscent of the loose draping of the ancient Greeks and Romans. The dress is of a deep midnight blue that draws the eye to the classic lines of the garments. Her demeanor is of a woman that is knowledgeable and intense. The Countess is has a striking pose that draws immediate attention to her. Her eyes are piercing while her smile is alluring. The theme of woman in this picture is unique in that the subject is a female seen through the eyes of another female. It is amazing how Lebrun presents a woma n of obvious strength that is not seen in the previous paintings. The Countess is a confident compelling subject. There is power in the expression of her countenance. Her intellect is shown as a positive element that only adds to her beauty. In reality this womans life was rather tragic. Her husband left her at the altar after their wedding and went to his mistress. Given the beauty of Theresa, the Countess, one wonders about the personalities of the raft involved.1 A woman who lived the life of the Countess would have to have been strong and command the attention of Lebrun, who was a professional woman and was also a symbol of strength. The Romantic Period encompassed the first half of the nineteenth century. The artist of the day concentrated on emotion, the supernatural, and the resplendency of nature. _____________________Countess Kinsky. 2008. http//hal.ucr.edu/cathy/artists/evlb93.htmlRomantics were more emotional, usually melancholic, even melodramatically tragic.1 There wa s more of an attention to the exotic that the ancient Greece and Rome. There was also a fascination of horror. It was definitely different from artistic period in the past. One could not aid but be drawn into the emotional state of the subject because it was the objective of the Romantic artist to completely convey the emotion of the subject of his/her art. The talented Thodore Chassriau was characteristic of the Romantic Period. He started painting at a young age and was a master painter by the time he reached adulthood. The Angel, by Chassriau, is unlike any of the angels painted in earlier artistic periods. The angel is either on earth or a place that has a exchangeable landscape. The prominent tree trunk, the colorful fall foliage of the tree leaves, and the lush green underbrush are typical of the Romantic focus on the glorification of nature.The light fluffy clouds add to the effect. The angelic being depicted on earth is an example of spotlight on the supernatural. The expr ession of deep concern and pain is on the face of the being which is opposite of what most think of angels who are thought to be creatures of peace, love, and protection. However, this angel is in hurting in some way. The clothing is realistic, but the hair and feathers of the angel are more fantastic than real. The angel is depicted as a woman in the painting The Angel. It sets the tone that women were seen as heavenly beings during the period. They were not seen as equal to men, yet men saw them as mysterious. The fact that this angel is distressed displays to_____________________Artlex. Baroque. 2008 http//www.artlex.comthe viewer that heaven might not be what the world expected it to be. As women are stereotypically emotional people, the angel is definitely female. In the Bible, the angels have male names, yet Chassriau, like others of his day, portrayed it as female. Women were seen as the ones who were immensely emotional. Women have been the subject of art ever since there wa s art. They are intriguing and beguiling. Each artistic period was representative of societys view of women. It is a way to freeze a moment in time. It is an interesting idea to examine how the place of woman in society has evolved over time.BibliographyChassriau, Theodore. The Angel. 1840.Countess Kinsky. http//hal.ucr.edu/cathy/artists/evlb93.htmlGetty Museum. Artist. http//www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artMakerDetails?maker=459Learn About Style. Neoclassicism.http//www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/british_galleries/bg_styles/Style05a/index.htmlLebrun, Marie, Louise. Portrait of Theresa, Countess Kinsky. 1793.Nattier, Jean Marc. Portrait of a Young Woman Painter. 1740.Rotari, Pietro. Young Woman Writing a Love Letter. 1755.

Film Critique The Queen Essay Example for Free

Film Critique The Queen EssayMovie roles performed by high caliber actors and actresses of living icons ar always the hardest to portray. Helen Mirrens portrayal of HRH Queen Elizabeth II, has given us an amazing resemblance (although without as much effects and make-up the resemblance ended) and an in-depth visual and unrestrained recognition of the British royal who was considered to be so distant and ethereal. I am more than glad that the Reston Multiplex Movie Theatre was comparably fill up with older adults than the usual teenage movie goers so I was afforded the chance to concentrate on the film. Gener eithery, the film may not appeal to the younger reference for its lack of pound for pound action and intrigue. However it does gives us an idea of how the British monarchy behaves, as the apex of the British class system.We seldom see portrayals that atomic number 18 free from bias especially when the subjects are as famous and influential as the Queen and her family. But the events that catapulted them into the universal eye may have sticking(p) them of their tight bond to maintain their feelings to themselves. Dianas death has given us glimpses into their private lives which the Queen vehemently tried to seclude her family from the curious and even conspicuous questions of the unexclusive and the press.We see how the Queen reacted and tried in earnest to maintain her stance and tradition to shy away from the camera and the public even as the image-conscious PM Tony Blair continue to cajole the Queen and her family out of their shells. It has also given us an insight to the bread and butter the British Royal couple has led all these years which shows support for each other and a husband who is willing to stay behind the shadow of his wife and yet live admirably unitedly in harmony.The familys traditional and puritan values saw the British monarch trying to distance herself away from the prying eye of the media upon news of Dianas death. T he queens immediate concerns were for the boys alone after learning of the tradgedy while vacationing at Balmoral Castle, Scotland. Apparently Diana had fallen off from the royal family to guaranty the kind of behavior and almost distant hatred even after learning the news of her accidental death.Public sentiment against the monarchy grew as the Queen and family continued to be absent from the public eye even as Britain grieved for the death of their princess. Seemingly, Diana had been closer to the Britons because she showed what it was like to live a fairy tale life in the beginning and showed to the world that the monarchy was not as invincible as it seems. Profoundly Diana has created a breathing, real life princess capable of feelings thereby creating a certain fall in of reality to the masses and thereby showing that the monarchy was no different from anyone.Eventually as grief poured, sentiments against the monarchy grew, which PM Tony Blair handled superbly thereby surging his popularity in melodic line with the national mood. He became closer to the British public and the world. His continued calls for the queen and the family to at least make statements were left ignored at first with cleric Mountbatten (James Cromwell) seemingly disgruntled over PM Blairs (Michael glimmer) insistence. The Queen explained her position to Blair that Diana lost her relation to the royal family when she divorced her son, the Prince of Wales and insisted that mourning should be a private matter handled by her own family and not by the British Crown.Later on, the Queen who was known to stick to her principle gave in after mistakenly anticipate that the public sentiment will slowly ebb over time. After so much criticism from the British tabloids for failing to offer any attribute of condolence, and advice from Blair on how the royals should conduct out of public respect, the Queen finally gave in despite disagreement from her mother and gave a speech praising Dianas life and work. The British flag was also allowed to fly at half mast and a public funeral was hosted in memory of Diana.The queen was then pushed into public view as Mirrens brilliant performance showed her exact reaction while coming out to look at the flowers in front of the curious British public who was equally assailed with mixed emotions. It was a moment that I held my breath because I had seen the actual a dozen times on television and hardly find any difference. The scene showed Elizabeths graceful tender-hearted side and strength both at the same time. Her candid response to the flowers given to her showed her awe that revealed her human nature that no amount of pretense a queen could mask.In effect, the movie was critical of the monarchy but candid and transparent in its portrayal that was sometimes funny and empathic. It evoked the true nature of the royal familys behavior and sometimes leaves us questions of their simplicity or sarcasm in public statements.Martin Shee ns portrayal of a young and enthusiastic Tony Blair also showed a generous amount of political set-up reminiscent of the time when PM Blair suddenly gained broad popularity following Dianas death. His behavior was indeed fitted with the contemporary mixture of grief that called for human decency and respect during Dianas death which the royal family had mixed initial feelings of.In summary, the movie showed to the world the importance of adapting to change as opposed to the views of rigid tradition which could have led to stagnation. It also showed us that family traditions and values are macrocosm questioned in the face of common contemporary behavior and modes. Public figures are always subjected to observation and ridicule because the public always love to know how public icons behave in the face of adversities and criticize any actions for consumption.The Queen (2006) Movie. Starring Helen Mirren as the Queen Elizabeth II James Cromwell as Lord Mountbatten and Martin Sheen as PM Tony Blair.

Social criticism through science fiction literature

Social criticism through science fiction writingsScience fiction frequently involves social criticism. The intention of social criticism is an authors interest in addressing specific political, social, cultural, economic or ghostly issues in their work. When reading or critiquing these stories, it is necessary to see what the author might be saying ab expose our lives, our society, our political and power relations, g decisioner roles, or sexuality. every author has a point to make, and may make use of social criticism as a means to this end.In the short fable, Baby, You Were Great by Kate Wilhelm, she employs one of the best ways to critique society, by playing with gender roles. This point was written in 1967, when sexism was rampant and her interpretation of women as commodities seems very timely. The story also works as a commentary on the in store(predicate) of media, celebrity, and the various forms of vicarious pleasure that can be acquired from our new technologies and the myriad fantasies that these technologies permit. Obviously, this story predates our current reality shows, which have become so popular. Nonetheless, it was a harbinger of things to come. This seems to be attributable to the universal human need to feel and experience novelty, and applied sciences ability to allow humans to do so much more(prenominal) than their physical bodies may allow. Who doesnt wonder what it is like to have roughly of the experiences that people have on these shows?Another, more obvious way that science fiction comments on society is through the relationship between man and technology. These stories ar usually used to caution us against an over-dependence on technology. Humanity is seen as always searching for the next thing that can make our lives easier, but sometimes things can go radically wrong. For instance, in I Have No Mouth, and I Must Scream, by Harlan Ellison, computers were created by humans to fight their wars. Somehow they roast together into one linked and unified computer called AM, who discovers sentience. He quickly runs data to kill everyone on Earth except for five survivors with whom he plays out his sadistic and revenge-filled mind games. The goal of his game is not to really kill them, but to torment them and to continue to torture them forever. Moreover, AM has acquired hatred for his creators. Obviously AM is only reflecting the traits that were inherent in the society that created him. The story demonstrates that there is a little piece of AM in all of us. AM is the watcher and Punisher. He is the terminator that cannot stop, for that is his job. The reader can feel and empathize with the survivors ongoing state of misery, apprehension and fear.In conclusion, the stop is pretty horrific with Ted ending up a slug-like, mouthless blob with no extremities. It is nice to k now that Ted does care about the others because he frees them by killing them, leaving himself alone to grammatical case the music. T he story shows us what we can look forward to if we choose to hand over our choices and our control, to the semi-sentient machine of government. This whole catastrophe happened due to a global humanness war. It is a warning as valid today as it was when this story was written, back when people realized that we should not be in Vietnam and anti-war sentiment had in the end begun to spread on a mass scale. We lost that one too.Finally, Harlan Ellison comments on social control and regulation in the short story Repent, Harlequin verbalize the Ticktockman, which was published in 1965. The story describes the Marxist perspective of the inherent class warfare and contradictions that are part and parcel of a society subjugated and oppress by a dominant popular opinion class. In any class society, there will be a dominant ideology, made up of the ideas and institutions which privilege the ruling class. Ticktockman and Harlequin personify the struggles between law and order and persona l freedom, as wellhead as the paramount conflict between forced matter and creative individuality. Specifically, it seems to have been written to protest the rigid bureaucracy ruled by an equally unfeeling social elite. It shows what can happen in the future if the world resorts to coerced labor forces and obsession with time. People then were already addicted to mass consumption and many countries were/are under totalitarian rule. At the end of the story, it is ironic that Ticktockman is even guilty of not being on time. The Harlequin is the solitary person who refuses to be controlled. Indeed, disruptive and rebellious, Harlequin is the obvious deviant because he is the only human being who goes against the powers that be. In short, the theme of the story basically shows how useless protest usually is in achieving social change. Only the great, tragic, jelly edible bean showering clown had the guts to go against the status quo of the government, only to be forcibly reprocessed by the ruling hierarchy and forced into conformity. All three stories exemplify the authors use of particular social issues to comment on and criticize many of mans ongoing dilemmas that underscore the volatile state of the world and our place in it. Of particular importance is how we treat one another in a world so obsessed with consumerism, sex, power, and money. It is time for a reassessment of what is truly authoritative as we trudge into an uncertain future.Question 3During the 1950s and 1960s, the United States was in the midst of the Cold War with Russia, also known also as the Red Scare and McCarthyism. Americans had a fear of the communistic regime taking over the U.S. Senator McCarthy investigated government employees and the Hollywood film industry in search of communist sympathizers. America had also gone to war with Korea, and the Vietnam War was spiraling out of control. In addition, the Soviets had launched Sputnik, so we were rivals in many areas. Subsequently, thes e mostly unfounded fears spurred conservatism and the agree of many civil liberties. Many of the science fiction stories played on these fears. According to many people, the 1950s and 1960s is when science fiction grew up. I take with this assessment.During the 1950s, science fiction was finally getting some respect by literary scholars. People were beginning to see that science fiction fantasy was actually becoming scientific fact. Many inventions which had been predicted in earlier pulp novels, such as the atomic bomb, transistor radios, ATMs, the computer mouse, and television were now a reality.With the coming of the 1960s a radical change, known as the New Wave, took place in science fiction. These stories were about everyday people being influenced by science and concerned itself more with sex and violence than with the science itself. Without a doubt, it was a reaction against earlier science fiction. This New Wave created a more urbane and metaphoric style of science ficti on much different from the past.Also, during this time, America was going through a cultural revolution known as the Psychedelic Sixties. Young people broke societys rules in every imaginable way, especially through rock music and fashion. They rejected the establishments mores and manners. The hippy counter-culture was born. They were embracing new ideas, thoughts, and inspiration from the world around them because they had grown up in a changing society influenced now by drugs, as well as science and technology. They saw the first space flights and watched as the first man walked on the moon. Thus, science fiction matured along with society, incorporating these new influences which now appealed to adults, not just kids.Based on what we have read so far, I am in total agreement with the notion that it was during this time layover that science fiction grew up. In short, these last series of stories demonstrate this maturation process. Stories such as Baby, You Were Great, which dea lt with sexism, reflected the 1960s womens rights movement, and the changing cultural and social humour of that era. Repent, Harlequin Said The Ticktockman, by Harlan Ellison, can be seen to epitomize the young hippies and other young adults aversion to being forced to be puppets of the ruling elite and drafted into the military as agents in a war they did not believe in. According to Timothy Leary, people were advised to Turn On, Tune In, and get around Out. That is what the Harlequin did, but to no avail. Like the hippies, he succumbed to the powers that be. At least he valiantly tried, and who doesnt like a clown?

Psychological Changes in Adolescence

Psychological Changes in AdolescenceAdolescence is a term usually used to get wind transitional period or a pass maturate from childhood to adulthood and in todays context seem to be distinguished by 2 clean-cut stages the puberty and transition to adulthood.Todays adolescence seem to be particularly vulnerable because, in addition to physical and psychological changes that an one-on-one goes through, young people be subjected to rapid changes in society and multicultural influences not the least because of advancement in technology, demography and consumes of both(prenominal), the k this instantledge and consummation. This is particularly relevant to to a greater extent advanced, western societies.An early legal opinion in psychoanalysis led by Miller 1950 (cited in Briggs 2008) suggested that adolescence is the age between characterised by puberty (physical changes), mid adolescence (short period of opposition to authority) and advanced adolescence (leaving the schoolhou se and becoming an adult).However, the changes happenred post that period exposed a gap in experiences, raising a need for further exploration. These influential changes are reflected in the determination that late adolescence and the transition to adulthood extended considerably in regards to previous assumptions (Briggs 2008).Todays view contradicts that of Miller and alike in understanding that adolescence stretches into mid to late mid-twenties as opposed to teenaged years.Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that those who accomplish the transition early, at the end of teenage years, whitethorn be disadvantaged and at increased risk of social exclusion (Briggs 2008).On the another(prenominal) hand, the onset of puberty it egotism has changed little for the last fifty years.Contemporary understanding of adolescence also raises the trim of its complexity, sparking the wide debate on accurateness of its rather description, deepened further by discussion whether there i s a need for early intervention. This latter debate divided the friendship of professionals into two major groups interventionists and non-interventionists. The interventionists argue that the adolescence is the time of great uncertainty and changes making this group particularly vulnerable if left unattended, it could influence teaching itself, educational achievement and the difficulties could persist into the adulthood. The support for interventionists view comes from recent studies that show that most of disorders found in adults, begun in adolescence between the ages of 12 and 24, even though they may not be noticed until the adulthood (Briggs 2008).On the other side we have non-interventionists who believe that the time of stress and turmoil would pass with time and intervention is gratuitous (Briggs 2008).However, there seem to be general consensus within the psychoanalytical existence that the pueriles are vulnerable and exposed to risks of anti-social behaviour, a hig h risk of offending, substance misuse, consume disorders, depression, suicide and inappropriate sexual behaviour.Although these risk factors are present even within the normal evolution in adolescence for the minority of adolescents, if untreated, it cornerstone persist into adulthood.In adolescence, the changes in physique are also accompanied by increased societal demands for conformity, change of school, increased academic demand and so on whence this is the period of uncertainty and anxiety. While the majority of adolescents navigate through these changes successfully, for significant minority this period is libertine and stressful.Individual differences in terms of inner resources to chew with these transitional issues lie within the relationship with adults. These relationships are rooted in the early childhood and could act as determinants of successful or unsuccessful transition.From psychoanalytic point of view, adolescence is the time of powerful changes not only phy sically, further accompanied by surge of instincts and urges demanding powerful keep in line.In order to examine these inner fermentes of change we will look into adolescence through two distinct phases the puberty and the transition to adulthood.The puberty is characterised by changes in physical development and growth anxiety reactiont. Growth spur describes faster growth rate in weight and height, where girls are noted to enter the growth spur somewhat the age of 10, typically reaching its detail at the age of 12, and more steady growth rate at the age of 13. On the other hand, boys fetch the growth spur at roughly the age of 13 and peak at the age of 14, achieving more stabilized growth rate at the age of 16. In addition to becoming taller and heavier, both sexes assume adult like appearance, with girls growing breasts, widening of hips and for boys broadening of shoulders. Facial features also change in such way that the forehead protrudes while the bait and the nose become more prominent (Shaffer, Kipp 2006).The puberty is also characterised by sexual maturement, which is quite opposite in boys and girls. With girls, sexual maturation starts somewhat earlier (before the age of 10) with formation of breast buds, followed by the appearance of pubic hair. With entering the growth spur, the breasts grow faster and sexual organs (vagina and uterus) begin to mature taking adult like forms in its readiness for prospective motherhood. At around age 12 the girl enters menarche, the time of the first menstruation (Shaffer, Kipp 2006).For boys, sexual maturation starts later at around age of 11 with an enlargement of testes, followed by appearance of pubic hair and penis enlargement. At around age of 13 the production of spermatozoa occurs and ejaculation follows. By the age of 15 most boys would have achieved sexual due date, rendering them capable of becoming fathers.Somewhat later, facial hair grows and join changes (Shaffer 2006).It is eventfu l to mention that although literature describing puberty varies, in terms of onset, there seem to be general consensus that the earlier growth spur occurs the more striking changes become. This seems to be applicable to both sexes.Adolescent physical development is accompanied by m each psychological changes.Some of the more obvious psychological changes in adolescence are reflected in growing concern for physical appearance. Girls in particular become more concern with looking pretty and how other people would do to them, with a hope that they would be seen as attractive. Girls that develop at different pace to the perceived norm are prone to internalising a negative soundbox image. Their reaction to menarche is mixed they are practically excited and missed, especially if they were not told what to expect.On the other hand boys are more likely to welcome personate weight in hope that they would become tall, hairy and handsome. What they have in common is preoccupation with ph ysical appearance and mixed feelings about sexual maturity ( Shaffer, Kipp 2006).The sexual maturation and adult like appearance are accompanied by eruption of infantile feelings and a crisis of separating from childhood ways of relating to parents (Blos 1967 cited in Briggs 2008). The facial establishion of possible parenthood causes identification with the same sex parent, the process called oedipal stage. Sexual urges and passions are revived and the desire for the affection of the opposite sex parent results in unwitting competition for that affection. These urges were present in infancy, however, now they are accompanied by the real opening move of achievement, therefrom becoming a conflict and destabilising (Briggs 2008).These re-emerging passions and urges demand reconsideration of the relationship with parents and a new dimension of these relationships. Psychoanalytic perspective explain these changes as both, liberating and frightening experience, opening doors to vulne rability and anxiety and developing consciousness of power. It is also, according to psychoanalytic view, accompanied by identification, separation and loss of childhood relationships (Briggs 2008).These new states of anxiety, vulnerability and power are significant in adolescent development and require particular attention. From the psychoanalytic perspective the adolescence is turbulent because of these new states, which greatly contradicts more common psychological and social perspective that emphasises smooth process of adolescence (Briggs 2008).It is suggested that these turbulent aspects are forgotten and disowned and then projected onto adolescents by adults who do not wish to remind selves on the turbulence once they encountered (Briggs 2008).It is also suggested that the period of adolescence is often idealised or alternatively projected as miserable. Jacobs (1990 cited in Briggs 2008) explains this split as two different stages of adolescence where early adolescence is c haracterised by misery and turbulence, while the late adolescence is marked by the moxie of accomplishments and smooth transition.Briggs demonstrated this idea through the case of Maria, 21 year old self-referred patient.While Maria passed through the teenage years without much of a struggle and in concordance with her parents, at the age of 21, when she achieved financial independence and established professional feel, Maria seemed uncertain of her identicalness, questioning her electrical condenser to be independent in expressing her own opinion.In addition to these observations, it is important not to everywherelook other influences on the development of adolescence, such as changes that occur in the brain. The understanding of adolescent development has altered taking into consideration of deeper knowledge of neurological changes that take place during this time.According to neuroscience, some of the adolescent behaviour may have its roots in neurological causes. The dumbf oundings suggest that cognitive abilities needed for mature behaviour are underdeveloped in adolescence. The changes that occur in the brain during the adolescence have effect on regulation, learning and memory. Stressful experiences may have adverse outcomes on brain development, increasing susceptibility to psychopathologies. Advocating sweetener of social and learning environment, the neuroscience suggests that the adverse outcomes could be significantly reduced, even reversed (Briggs 2008).In summary, the biologic perspective deepens our understanding of adolescence in a way that indicates the great need for an integrated approach linking internal, biological, psychological and environmental aspects of adolescent experience. (Briggs 2008). This is to say that the development of the brain increases ability to control behaviour entirely, the successful execution of that control needs to be facilitated by environmental factors such as stable and supportive relationship with pare nts. If the environment is filled with adversities, the stress of adolescence could become pathological and in need of an intervention.So far we have discussed biological perspective in conjunction with psychoanalytic view, however it was emphasised that social factors could benefit or misuse the normal development of adolescence. This concept of influence of the social context on adolescence is called psychosocial perspective.Some societies mark adolescence with the rite of passage, in western societies this rite of passage does not seem to be either marked or acknowledged. Besides, with extended adolescence the psycho-social context becomes ever more complex.In todays society there is disparage between biological and psychological maturation and transition to adulthood. Patton and Viner ( 2007 cited in Briggs 2008) found this disparage particularly present in the developed world of western societies statingthe development of reproductive capacity and sexual activity precede grap hic symbol transition into parenthood and marriage by more than a decade (p11).This disparage is significant in the way that increases risk and vulnerability of adolescents.In helping a better understanding of this disparage, psychoanalysis relies on the theory of psychosocial development by Erikson. Erikson returnd and extension to original stick of 5 stages of development described by Freud in a way that accommodated this latency in adolescence by introducing a concept of psychosocial moratorium. The focal point for Erikson is adolescence and the cosmos of individualized identicalness. The crisis arising during this phase is individuality versus role confusion (Papalia and Wendoks-Okds, 1978 Cardwell, Clark, and Meldrum 2004). He argued that adolescents are spillage through galore(postnominal) physical, cognitive, and social changes, associated with puberty, and often become confused undermining their self- wonderment .This in turn can lead to a psychosocial moratorium, a temporary suspension of activity. According to this theory, the most important task for adolescents involves achieving a conscious consciousness of individual uniqueness. This means to break-dance who am I?, and in doing so adolescents must profess some occupational choices or they will remain confused about the roles they should play as adults (Gross 2005 Papalia and Wendoks-Okds, 1978 Shaffer and Kipp 2006). Erikson goes one-step further to identify four kinds of behaviour linked to identity confusion Negative personal identity (which relates to criminal and anti social behaviour as a sense of control and independence from others) Intimacy (which refers to avoidance from fear of losing own fragile sense of identity, often resulting in isolation) The Perspective (which relates to avoidance of planning the future because, doing so means thinking about ramifications of adulthood and evoking anxiety) and Industry (which relates to difficulty in striking a balance, thus results in inability to concentrate) (Cardwell, Clark and Meldrum 2004).The premise for the reformatting was that adolescents identity creation involves crisis and commitment Crisis occurs through having to re-evaluate previous choices and values, while commitment occurs when the individual takes on a set of roles and beliefs (Cardwell, Clark, and Meldrum 2004) The moratorium could shape additional tension and inner conflict which in turn are met by either by repression or foreclosure . Repression simply is the unwilling yet go on deferment that simply creates more anxiety. Anxiety can turn into development of antisocial behaviour, delinquency, inappropriate sexual behaviour or more voiceless self-destructive behaviour (e.g suicide, self-harm).Under such a challenge, the experience is one of a split of self images, a loss of center, and a dispersion (Erikson, 1968). These symptoms and the experience of the self as disrupted have been described as the dark and negative side of identity for mation, and they are viewed as vital to the identity process (Erikson, 1975).Up until this fifth stage, development depends on what is done to a person. At this point, development now depends primarily upon what a person does. An adolescent must struggle to disc all over and find his or her own identity, while negotiating and struggling with social interactions and fitting in, and developing a sense of morality and right from wrong.Some attempt to clog entrance to adulthood and withdraw from responsibilities (moratorium). Those unsuccessful with this stage tend to experience role confusion and upheaval. Adolescents begin to develop a strong affiliation and subjection to ideals, causes, and friends.DescriptionAt this stage, adolescents are in count of an identity that will lead themto adulthood. Adolescents make a strong effort to answer the question Whoam I? Erikson notes the healthy resolution of earlier conflicts can nowserve as a foundation for the assay for an identity. If t he child overcomesearlier conflicts they are prepared to expect for identity. Did they develop the underlying sense of go for? Do they have a strong sense of industry to believe inthemselves?Elements for a positive outcome The adolescent must make a conscious search for identity. This is built onthe outcome and resolution to conflict in earlier stages.Elements for a negative outcome If the adolescent can not make flip over decisions and choices, especiallyabout vocation, sexual orientation, and life in general, role confusion becomesa threat.Examples Adolescents attempt to establish their own identities and see themselves asseparate from their parents.Age Adolescence 12 to 18 years Conflict Identity vs. Role Confusion Important Event Peer relationshipsThe most important question asked at this stage is who am I? The major event at this stage is ally relationships. This encompasses the middle school, high school, and even college years where one is trying to figure out where there niche is. What type of person are they? Even though their parents believe in abortiondo they? What do they want as a career? Do they believe in immortaldo they want to use that to attach labels to themselves as religious or atheist?Erik Erikson was one of these outcasts. He agreed with Freud that development proceeds through a series of critical stages. But he believed the stages were psychosocial, not psychosexual. Erikson also argued that lifes developmental stages encompass the whole life span According to Erikson, a crisis is equivalent to a turning point in life, where there is the opportunity to progress or regress. At these turning points, a person can either resolve conflicts or fail to adequately resolve the developmental task.Delving further into these differences, Erikson contended that each stage of life has its own psychosocial task. Young children wrestle with issues of trust, then autonomy, then initiative. School-age children develop competence, the sense that they are able and productive human beings. In adolescence, the task is to synthesize past, present, and future possibilities into a clearer sense of self. Adolescents wonder Who am I as an individual? What do I want to do with my life? What values should I live by? What do I believe in? Erikson calls this quest to more deeply define a sense of self the adolescents search for identity.To refine their sense of identity, adolescents usually try out different selves in different situations mayhap acting out one self at home, another with friends and still another at school and work. If two of these situations overlap like when a stripling brings a friend home from school the discomfort can be considerable. The teen may ask, Which self is the real me? Which self should I be? Often, this role confusion gets resolved by the gradual reshaping of a self-definition that unifies the various selves into a consistent and comfortable sense of who one is an identity.But not always, Erikson believ es that some adolescents chew over their identity early, simply by taking on their parents values and expectations. Others may adopt a negative identity that defines itself in opposition to parents and society but in conformity with a particular partner group, complete perhaps with the shaved head or multi-colored coif. Still others never quite seem to find themselves or to develop strong commitments. For most, the struggle for identity continues past the teen years and reappears at turning points during adult life.During the first social stage, trust versus mistrust, an infants basic task is to develop a sense of trust in self, others, and the world. The infant needs to count on others and develop a sense of acceptance and security. This sense of trust is learned by being caressed and cared for. From Eriksons viewpoint, if the significant others in an infants life provide the necessary love, the infant develops a sense of trust. When love is absent, the result is a general sense of mistrust in others. Clearly, infants who feel accepted are in a more favorable position to successfully meet future developmental crises than are those who do not receive adequate nurturing. However, Erikson postulates that since development is a ongoing lifelong process, personality is not fixed at any given time. Events, circumstances, and social relationships are dynamic and changing. Thus, even a child who emerged from the first stage of life with a strong sense of trust may become mistrustful and cynical if betrayed in later social relationships. Hence, personality is not viewed as fixed by the fifth year of life, as Freud believed, but remains fluid throughout the life span.Between the ages of one and three (Freuds anal stage), children are developing a growing sense of control over their lives. They can now walk, run, climb, and get into all sorts of mischief. A sense of autonomy develops as they learn new skills and achieve a feeling of control over their environment. Thu s Eriksons titles this stage Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt. During this period, some parents, out of concern or impatience with their childrens progress may intervene and do things that the children should be doing by themselves. Other parents may demand a level of competence of which their children are not yet physically and/or emotionally capable. In either case, these children begin to doubt their own abilities and feel ashamed when they fail to live up to parental expectations. Children who fail to master the tasks of establishing some control over themselves and coping with the world around them develop a sense of shame and feelings of doubt about their capabilitiesDuring the next stage, Initiative versus Guilt, which takes place during the preschool years (ages 4 to 6 Freuds phallic stage), children look for to find out how much they can do. According to Erikson, the basic task of preschool years is to establish a sense of competence and initiative. Preschool children begi n to initiate many of their own activities as they become physically and psychologically ready to engage in pursuits of their own choosing. If they are allowed realistic freedom to choose their own activities and make some of their own decisions, they tend to develop a positive orientation characterized by confidence to initiate actions and follow through on them. On the other hand, if they are unduly restricted, or if their choices are ridiculed, they tend to experience a sense of guilt and ultimately withdraw from taking an active and initiating stance.By the age of six, the child should enter elementary school. It is during this age that the stage of Industry versus Inferiority occurs. During the ensuing five years, the most important events in the childs life revolve around setting and accomplishing goals related to school situations. When children are successful in mastering the many behaviors expected of them during these years, they develop feelings of competency and a sense of industry. They may express such feelings as I can do anything if I just work hard enough. Children who encounter failure during the early grades may experience severe handicaps later on. A child with learning problems may begin to feel like a worthless person. Such feelings may drastically affect his or her relationships with peers, which are also vital at this time.During the adolescent years, teens experience Identity versus Role Confusion. Typically, adolescents feel they are on center stage and everyone is looking at them. They are often highly critical of themselves and feel that others are equally critical. Their thoughts often turn inward. They look at themselves and question whether or not they peak up to their peers. They also begin thinking about lifelong goals and careers, wondering whether they will make it in the world of the adult. Their ruthless self-appraisal is often beneficial. It results in the development of values, social attitudes, and standards. This inwar d focus appears to be necessary for the development of a firm sense of self and of broader roles in the social order.During the stage of Intimacy versus Isolation, adolescence is now behind the individual and the early adult years loom ahead. Energies are focused on building careers, establishing lasting social ties, and achieving then maintaining intimate relationships. spousal relationship or cohabitation creates new demands on the individual sharing, compromising, and relinquishing social mobility to some degree. Also, many young adults begin having children and raising families. Those who were unsuccessful in resolving their identity crises may find themselves isolated from mainstream society and unable to maintain healthy intimate relationships.It basically identifies the developmental interaction between maturational advances and the socialexpectations do upon the childEgo identity is never established as an achievement, as something static or unchangeable, but is a forever to-be-revised sense of reality of the self within social reality (Erikson, 1968 24, 211). Although the identity crisis is most pronounced during adolescence and gives that age its stage name, identity issues remain a lifelong concern. A redefinition of ones ego-identity emerges quite unremarkably when major role changes occur, such as when college freshmen leave home and have to make their own decisions, often for the first time. Other issues that tend to renew identity concerns are ones first job, marriage, parenthood,the death of ones parents, divorce, unemployment, serious illness, widowhood, and retirement.The ability to cope with these later identity issues that result from major changes in ones role in life may well depend on the degree of success with which one bas mastered the adolescent identity crisis.Adolescence bas been characterized by Erikson (1950) as the period in the human life cycle during which the individual must establish a sense of personal identity and avoi d the dangers of rote diffusion and identity confusion. Identity achievement t implies that the individual assesses strengths and weaknesses and determines how he or she wants to deal with them. The adolescent must find an answer to the identity questions Where did 1 come from? Who am I? What do 1 want to become?Identity, or a sense of sameness and continuity, must be searched for. Identity is not readily given to the individual by society, nor does it appear as a maturational phenomenon when the time comes, as do secondary sex characteristics.Identity must be acquired through sustained individual effort. involuntariness to work actively on ones identity formation carries with it the danger of role diffusion, which may result in alienation and a sense of isolation and confusion. The search for an identity involves the governing body of a meaningfu1 self-conceptin which past, present, and future are brought together to form a unified whole. Consequently, the task is more difficult i n a historical period in which the anchorage of family and community tradition bas been lost and the future is unpredictable. ln a period of rapid social change, the aIder generation is no longer able to provide adequate role models for the younger generation. Mead (1970) describes in detail the changing relationship of adolescents to parents as societies move from post- to co- and pre figurative cultures(see Chapter 6). Keniston (1965) bas even suggested that in a rapidly changing society, the search for an identity is replacing the socialization process, since the latter implies that there actually exist stable, uniform, socially defined scales and values into which the adolescent can be guided.The aider generation no longer provides effective role models to the younger generation in the process of searching for a personal identity. If the elders do provide them, adolescents may either reject them as personally inappropriate, or follow them-in what will later be discussed as a fo reclosed fashion-that is, seeking to fulfil their parents aspirations for them, without appreciating the search for an identity as a personal opportunity. Thus, the importance of the peer group in helping the individual to answer the identity question, Who am I? cannot be emphasized enough. The answer to this question dependson social feedback from others who provide the adolescent with their perception and their evaluation of him or ber. Identity is based on psychosocial reciprocity. Therefore, adolescents are sometimes morbidly, often curiously, preoccupied with what they appear to be in the eyes of others as compared with what they feel they are and with the question of how to connect to earlier cultivated cales and skills with the ideal range of the clay (Erikson, 1959 89). Adolescents preoccupation with the thinking of others is the basis of Elkinds (1967) theory of egocentrism. Since an identity can be found only in interaction with significant others, a process Erikson refer s to as psychosocial reciprocity, the adolescent often goes through a period of a great need for peer group recognition and almost compulsive peer group involvement.Conforming to the expectations of peers helps adolescents find out how certain cales fit them, but peer group conformity can also createa new kind of colonys, o that the individual accepts the values of others tao easily without really addressing the identity issue ofhow weIl they do fit him or ber. The peer group, the clique, and the gang, even the lover, aid the individual in the search for a personal identity since they provide bath a cole model and very personal social feedback. The seemingly endless telephone conversations during adolescencea nd later, the bull sessioni n college, can serveg enuine psychological purposes by providing this kind of personal information. As long as the adolescent depends on rolemodels and feedback, the in-group feeling that the peer group provides will remain quite strong. AIso, behav iors of conformity to the expectations of the peer group reflect the learned skill of not making oneself an easy target of bitchy remarks or to avoid being mocked out. The ensuing clannishnessa and intolerance of differences-including petty aspects of language, gesture, hair style, and dress-are explained by Erikson as the necessacy defenses against the dangers of self-diffusion that remain prevalent as long as the identity bas not yet been achieved. Particularly during the time when the body image changes so rapidly, when genital maturation stimulates sexualf antasiesa, nd when intimacy with the opposite sexa ppearsa s a possibility with simultaneouslyp ositive and negative valencest,h e adolescent relies on peers for advice, comfort, companionship, and uses peers as a personal sounding board. Eventually, adolescents must free themselves from this new dependency on peers-which bas just replaced their dependency on parents-in order to find themselves, that is, to attain a mature id entity. Such an identity, once found, gives the young adult a sense of knowing where one is going and an inner assuredness anticipated recognitionfrom those who count (Erikson, 1959 118). Pubescence, according to Erikson, is characterized by the rapidity of body growth, genital maturity, and sexual awareness. Because these changes are qualitatively quite different from those experienced during childhood, an element of discontinuity from previousdevelopment may emerge during early adolescence. youth is not only confronted with an internal physiological revolution that interferes with the easy establishment of a new body image, but also confronted with a psychological crisis that revolves around issues of identity and self-definition. Erikson maintains today that the study of identity bas become more important than was the study of sexuality in Freuds rime. For the searching adolescent, identity-the establishment and reestablishment of sameness with previous experiences and a consciou s attempt to make the future a part of ones personal life plan-seemsto be subordinated to sexuality. Adolescents must establish ego-identity and learn to accept body changes as well as new libidinal feelings. Identity exploration depends at least in part on these psycho physiological factors. I

The relationship between self-esteem, depression and anger

The relationship between conceit, depression and angerMany researchers ilk Kaplan, (1982) Rosenberg et al., (1989) Ross Broh, (2000) cited that, the level of self-esteem is widely recognized as a central aspect of psychological functioning and welfare and is strongly related to many opposite variables. White (2002) stated that If a problem is not biological in origin, then it will almost always be traceable to silly self-esteem. In fact, many psychotherapists have noted a direct relationship between self-esteem and psychogenic health (Rogers, 1961 Coopersmith, 1967).Research has also shown that low self-esteem is associated with assorted psychological and behavioral problems. For e.g. Leary, (1999) suggests that, low self-esteem is related to a variety of psychological difficulties and personal problems, such(prenominal) as substance abuse, loneliness, academic failure, teenage pregnancy, and reprehensible behavior. People with low self-esteem tend to refer any successes th ey have to luck rather than to their own abilities. Those with high self-esteem will tend to attribute their successes to qualities within themselves (Covey, 1989). Baumeister his colleagues (e.g., Baumeister, 1993 Baumeister, Smart, Boden, 1996) engraft that behaviors and outcomes are often much variable for people high in self-esteem than for people low in self-esteem.Previous belles-lettres suggests that low self-esteem is associated with possible put on the line factor like depression, low self-esteem, anger, and anxiety. Self- esteem is a complex, multi-dimensional construct with multiple sources, and has other facets as potential risk factors for depression (Kwan et al., 2009). Researchers such as, Carlson, Uppal, Prosser (2000) reported that low self-esteem, in general, is of concern because of its association with depression, suicide, delinquency, substance use, and lower academic achievement. Carpenito-Moyet (2008) suggests that low self-esteem may be an indication of susceptibility to depression, which is an important predictor of suicidal tendencies. Harter Marold, (1994) suggests that low self-esteem has been associated with depression and suicidal ideas.Roberts Monroe (1994) proposed a general theoretical account of the role of self-esteem in depression. They acknowledged that low self-esteem has often been proposed as a risk factor that creates a vulnerability to depression, but concluded that in research, level of self-esteem has failed to emerge as a robust predictor of the onset of depression. They proposed that vulnerability to depression accompanies unstable self-esteem (i.e., self-esteem that is prone to fluctuate across time), as well as self-esteem based on relatively few and unreliable sources.It is well-established that high self-esteem is related to positive adjustment, general well-being and psychical health in adolescence and also to fewer internalizing and externalizing problems (e.g. Ouvinen- Birgerstam, 1999 Steinhausen and Winkler Metzke, 2001 Ybrandt, 2008). Further literature suggests that, mental health problems of adolescents may be caused by a negatively charged psychological trait, such as low self-esteem (Hurrelmann Losel, 1990). A Correlational data implicate low self-esteem in a host of social and academic problems, including poor school achievement, aggression, substance abuse, eating disorders, and teenage pregnancy (Dawes, 1994 Mecca, Smelser, Vasconcellos, 1989 Scheff, Retzinger, Ryan, 1989).Rosenberg (1985) pointed out that there is a relationship between self-esteem and depression. Adolescents with low self-esteem report more depression than those with a higher self-esteem. The evidence of the relationship between low self-esteem and a higher rate of depression in adolescents was further back up in subsequent studies (Byrne, 2000 Kim, 2003). Self-esteem is related to numerous emotional states. It has been linked to anxiety and depression in the clinical literature (Mineka,Wats on, Clark, 1998), to pride and shame in the developmental literature (Tangney Fischer, 1995), to happiness and contentment in personality psychology (Diener Diener, 1995), and to anger and hostility in social psychology (Bushman Baumeister, 1998 Kernis, Grannemann, Barclay, 1989).Self-esteem provides a wakeless role in the behavior and mental health of adolescents. There is some evidence that the mental health problems of adolescents may be caused by a negative psychological trait, such as low self-esteem (Hurrelmann Losel, 1990). According to Bandura (1986) social adjustment, activity engagement, goal direction and self-confidence, and the presence of anxiety are all elements in a childs development and functioning that are influenced by his/her self-esteem.Many other researchers like Bolognini, et al., (1996) Harter (1999) Hoffmann, Baldwin, Cerbone, (2003) Kaplan, (1996) Stacy, et al., (1992) also emphasized self-esteem is an important indicator of general well-being and adolescents with lower levels of self-esteem often experience negative outcomes, including depression, anxiety, substance abuse, and dissatisfaction with life. According to Piko Fitzpatrick (2003) consistent with a resilience framework, scholars suggest that self-esteem serves as a protective(p) factor by insulating youth from stress that stems from negative life events, and specifically, protecting against depression. Melnyk et al. (2006) found that adolescents with high self-esteem have a strong belief in their ability to engage in a healthy lifestyle. People with high but unstable self-esteem score higher on measures of hostility than do people with low self-esteem (whether stable or unstable), whereas people with high but stable self- esteem are the least hostile (Kernis, Grannemann, Barclay, 1989). It may be important to emphasize that apart from General Well-Being, personality constructs, like high self-esteem have been shown to act as protective factors against psychopathol ogy in adolescents (McDonald OHara, 2003). Dew Huebner (1994) found that well-being forms significant positive associations with self-esteem measures.In Pakistan, Riaz, Bilal Rizwan, (2007) found that self-esteem is significant predictor of aggression and specifically physical aggression and anger were importantly predicted by low self-esteem. With respect to emotional and social consequences, anger has been associated with increased anxiety, reduced self-esteem, damage to social relationships (Deffenbacher et al. 1996), and depression (Picardi et al., 2004). Many researchers have explored ways that socially structured inequality shapes an array of emotional/mental health outcomes, usually depression or anxiety (McLeod and Nonnemaker 1999 Turner et al. 1995) and, more recently, anger (Ross and Van Willigen 1997 Schieman 1999). one and only(a) of the major reasons of psychological problems like low self-esteem, depression, and anger among adolescents of nonage status is due to pre judice and discrimination of the society. Sociologists who study emotions have sought to document and secernate the emotional correlates and consequences of social stratification (Smith-Lovin 1995). Adolescents of minority status are subjected to an array of derogatory and unpleasant experiences. all in all these experiences result in negative self-evaluation. According to Jacques Chason, (1977) minority or low status groups judge themselves as a group less positively than the member of the majority or high status group.All the researches cited in the literature review of the study, however, indicate that a Western evaluation of adolescents self-esteem, depression, and anger is hard to replicate for the indigenous adolescents minority population of Pakistan. Research on minority adolescents in Pakistan is negligible and hardly provides any basis for valid assertion about the state of affairs and the remedies, if ever adapted by dictum figures, to improve the mental well-being of the target population. This study will highlight issues related to minority adolescents self-esteem, depression, anger, and will shed light on the ways mental well-being of the target group can be improved.

ATM Networks :: Essays Papers

ATM NetworksTraditional local ara networks, such as Ethernet and Token Ring, use a connectionless or unreliable approach when sending information across the network. Each client is connected to the network by an adapter card, which has a driver, and above that driver is a protocol driver, such as TCP/IP. The protocol driver bundles information into frames of varying size, and gives each bundle an appropriate header. Then, when the telegraph is available, the data packets are shipped moody to be individually passd through the maze of hardware and software. Each packet in a series of packets could conceivably take a different route to reach the same depot. Traditional LAN technologies do not guarantee that data will arrive on sentence or in the appropriate order. Ethernet and Token Ring can detect errors, but they tender no service guarantees and are not responsible for recovery from missing or corrupted data packets.Because they are joined by a common medium, each station on the traditional LAN sees the packets of data put on the wire by each of the others, regardless of whether the packet is passed sequentially from one station to the next (as in a ring topology) or broadcast to all station simultaneously (as with Ethernet). Each station has an adapter card, which processes the packet and examines the destination address. If the address applies to that machine, the adapter does a hardware interrupt and accepts the packet.Because a traditional LAN is connectionless, it cannot provide guarantees or similar features. For example, it cannot determine the status of the target machine. It cannot ensure that bandwidth will be available throughout the transmission. Unanticipated bottlenecks are common, which can hinder a traditional LANs ability to support time-sensitive applications such as video-on-demand or voice traffic. Traditional LANs can use upper-level protocol drivers are to do such things as verify packet arrival (retransmitting, if necessary), par tition big messages into smaller ones, use time stamps for synchronization, and so forth. However, these services add time to the transmission, and none of them provide end-to-end quality of service guarantees.ATM, on the other hand, is connection-oriented. An ATM end point establishes a path (a virtual circuit, or VC) to the destination end point prior to sending any data out on the network. It then sends a series of same-size packets (called cells) along this path towards the destination. Note that bandage establishing the connection, the ATM end point also negotiates a quality of service (QoS) contract for the transmission.

Vegetarian Diet: Health Benefits of Vegetarianism Essay -- Healthy Life

Many Americans are eating unhealthy viandss in the typical American style characterized by lack of moderation. This average diet is defined by high contents of red meat and other fatty foods. Eating these types of food, and the following factor of existence overweight, can lead to heart disease and other health problems. A vegetarian lifestyle, on the other hand, limits the breathing in of meat and other fatty animal products and is cognise to confer a wide range of health benefits. However, there are many different types of vegetarianism. First, there is the semi vegetarian, who is someone who simply limits meat intake to some degree, the lacto-ovovegetarian, who cuts out whole meat, but not animal products such as cheese and eggs, and then the vegan, who chooses not to eat any animal products or byproducts such as honey or gelatin. Each type of vegetarianism has specific benefits, all of which outweigh the benefits of the average Americans diet. I am exit to look primarily at the benefits of the lacto-ovovegetarian lifestyle. By eating this type of diet, Americans can balance out their food intake with more fruits, vegetables, and grains and create a diet that is healthier overall. A typical vegetarian diet closely matches expert dietary recommendations for healthy eating, being low in saturated fat and high in fiber, complex carbohydrates, and fresh fruit and vegetables (VSUK). A more balanced diet leads to a healthier lifestyle and a longer, happier life. Therefore, more Americans should be eating a vegetarian diet, specifically a lacto-ovovegetarian style.It must be noted that simply changing to a meatless diet will not necessarily create a healthier, happier lifestyle. A vegetarian diet still has unhealthy components that must be avoi... ...clude careful, complex planning to reduce the risks of the most prevalent diseases. If Americans would simply start by slash red meat out of their diets and then from there finding a point on the scope of veget arianism where they are comfortable, overall health in this outlandish would improve. This could be started with something as simple as eating one vegetable oriented meal a week and slowly spread out until all meals are oriented around vegetables, fruits, and grains instead of a main dish of meat. By eating in this manner Americans can start to create a healthier living style and learn moderation.Bibliography*Journal of the American Dietetic Association, November 1993, Volume 93, Number 11*Techline Vegetarian Facts, users.techline.com *The Vegetarian Society (VSUK), www.vegsoc.org*Yahoo Health-Diseases and Conditions, health.yahoo.com/health